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Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. This nonlinearity is typically only observed at very high light intensities such as those provided by pulsed lasers.

Nonlinear optics gives rise to a host of optical phenomena:

Contents

1 Frequency mixing processes

2 Other nonlinear processes

3 Related processes

4 Frequency-mixing processes

4.1 Theory

4.2 Phase matching

4.3 Higher-order frequency mixing

4.4 Optical phase conjugation

5 Common SHG materials

6 See also

7 References and notes

7.1 Phase conjugation

8 External links

//


Frequency mixing processes

Second harmonic generation (SHG), or frequency doubling, generation of light with a doubled frequency (half the wavelength);

Sum frequency generation (SFG), generation of light with a frequency that is the sum of two other frequencies (SHG is a special case of this);

Third harmonic generation (THG), generation of light with a tripled frequency (one-third the wavelength) (usually done in two steps: SHG followed by SFG of original and frequency-doubled waves);

Difference frequency generation (DFG), generation of light with a frequency that is the difference between two other frequencies;

Parametric amplification, amplification of a signal input in the presence of a higher-frequency pump wave, at the same time generating an idler wave (can be considered as DFG);

Parametric oscillation, generation of a signal and idler wave using a parametric amplifier in a resonator (with no signal input);

Parametric generation, like parametric oscillation but without a resonator, using a very high gain instead;

Spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), the amplification of the vacuum fluctuations in the low gain regime;

Optical rectification, generation of quasi-static electric fields.

Four-wave mixing (FWM), can also arise from other nonlinearities.

Other nonlinear processes

Optical Kerr effect, intensity dependent refractive index;

Self-focusing;

Kerr-lens modelocking (KLM).

Self-phase modulation (SPM), a ?(3) effect.

Optical solitons.

Cross-phase modulation (XPM);

Four-wave mixing (FWM), can also arise from other nonlinearities.

Cross-polarized wave generation (XPW), a ?(3) effect in which a wave with polarization vector perpendicular to the input one is generated.

Raman amplification,

Optical phase conjugation.

Brillouin scattering, interaction of photons with acoustic phonons;

Optical phase conjugation.

Two-photon absorption, simultaneous absorption of two photons, transferring the energy to a single electron;

Multiple photoionisation, near-simultaneous removal of many bound electrons by one photon.

Chaos in Optical Systems

Related processes

In these processes, the medium has a linear response to the light, but the properties of the medium are affected by other causes:

Pockels effect, the refractive index is affected by a static electric field; used in electro-optic modulators;

Acousto-optics, the refractive index is affected by acoustic waves (ultrasound); used in acousto-optic modulators.

Raman scattering, interaction of photons with optical phonons;

Frequency-mixing processes

One of the most commonly-used frequency-mixing processes is frequency doubling or second-harmonic generation. With this technique, the 1064-nm output from Nd:YAG lasers or the 800-nm output from Ti:sapphire lasers can be converted to visible light, with wavelengths of 532 nm (green) or 400 nm (violet), respectively.

Practically, frequency-doubling is carried out by placing a special crystal in a laser beam under a well-chosen angle. Commonly-used crystals are BBO (?-barium borate), KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate), KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate), and lithium niobate. These crystals have the necessary properties of being strongly birefringent (necessary to obtain phase matching, see below), having a specific crystal symmetry and of course being transparent for and resistant against the high-intensity laser light. However, organic polymeric materials are set to take over from crystals as they are cheaper to make, have lower drive voltages and superior performance.

Theory

A number of nonlinear optical phenomena can be described as frequency-mixing processes. If the induced dipole moments of the material respond instantaneously to an applied electric field, the dielectric polarization (dipole moment per unit volume) P(t) at time t in a medium can be written as a power series in the electrical field:

.

Here, the coefficients ?(n) are the n-th…(and so on)

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coaxial cable

In geometry, coaxial means that two or more forms share a common axis; it is the three-dimensional linear analog of “concentric”.

Coaxial cable, as a common example, has a wire conductor in the center (D) a circumferential outer conductor (B) and an insulating medium called the dielectric (C) separating these two conductors. The outer conductor is usually sheathed in a protective PVC outer jacket (A).

The dimension and material of the conductors and insulation determine the cables characteristic impedance and attenuation at various frequencies.

In loudspeaker design, coaxial refers to a loudspeaker system in which the individual driver units radiate sound from the same point or axis. This is achieved by placing the high-frequency unit in the centre of the low-frequency driver, rather than having the two radiating from separate spaces. Altec Lansing pioneered the design with their 601 and 604 “duplex” (Altec’s term for “coaxial”) drivers in the 1940s and Tannoy further popularized the idea with their “dual-concentric” design several years later. The concept has been used by a number of other loudspeaker companies such as KEF, Jensen, Technics, Thiel and Geithain, but it still remains a minority exercise due to technical and budgetary considerations despite its theoretical advantages.

See also

Coaxial weapon

Categories: Geometry(and so on)

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Unassociated Writers Conference and Dance Party was an independent response to the first Association of Writers & Writing Programs (AWP) to take place outside of the United States. The event occurred on April 2, 2005 in the Lux Ballroom at the Western Front Society in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Contents

1 About

2 The Space of Unassociation

3 Participants

4 External Links

5 Notes

//


About



Clear Cut Press editor, Matthew Stadler, projected onto the shimmering fabric of Dutch architect Matthijs Bouw’s bouncy-castle enclosure, the center-piece of the Clear Cut Press- and Western Front-sponsored “unassociated writers conference,” conceived and managed by Matt Briggs, Vancouver, B.C., April, 2005.

The event was a self-organizing conference in space provided by the Western Front Society. The event was initially designed as a response to the first Association of Writers & Writing Programs (AWP) to take place outside of the United States. In an article in The Oregonian journalist Chris Semansky wrote about the growing unease among writers with the AWP’s role as a professional body for poets, short story writers, and novelists. Semansky wrote the “AWP has been the engine driving the popularity of creative-writing programs and the influx of writers who teach into universities. Over the past four decades it has lobbied to have the master of fine arts recognized as the “appropriate terminal degree” for writers and has formulated guidelines for everything from how to teach creative writing to how to evaluate poets and novelists for tenure.”

Novelist Matt Briggs and Matthew Stadler, novelist and at the time editor of Clear Cut Press, organized the Unassociated Writers Conference and Dance Party as “part party, part architectural experiment, part performance, part song and dance,” the conference promoted an alternative literary culture of zines, micro presses and project-based publishing.”

In an interview with Kevin Sampsell at the Powell’s Books Blog, Briggs described the event as an utopian enterprise, unlike the AWP conference, open to anyone who wanted to read or listen. “Clear Cut took me up on my scheme to create an alternative space to the creative writing industry conference in Vancouver BC. In a kind of mock-protest, we offered a day long bacchanal called the Unassociated Writers Conference and Dance Party at a performance place called Western Front that featured three stages of continuous readings, food and inebriating drink, and a luminous white cube filled with an inflatable bouncy.”

The Space of Unassociation

The space was designed to accommodate whatever might happen. Initially Matt Briggs and Matthew Stadler designed a labyrinth of public, semi-private, and private spaces so that participants could congregate, eat, and find privacy if that is what they wanted. A supporting Web site allowed anyone interested in reading to sign up and anyone interested in selling books or anything else to sign up. Matthew Stadler enlisted the help of Dutch architect Matthijs Bouw to evaluate the complex plans. Bouw quickly reduced the plans by introducing an inflatable bouncy (the kind used at children parties) and surrounding it with floor to ceiling semi-transparent curtains. Art Critic Nate Lippens described the result in The Stranger, “There was a ghostly cube made of sheer white fabric at the center of Western Front’s Lux Ballroom. [...] It was difficult to discern its dimensions because a cafe setting obscured it and one panel was covered in rippling projected images of writers reading their work, with audio piped in over speakers. he authors were in an adjacent room, shy of audiences but not cameras, apparently. Over the spoken words was the sound of laughter coming from behind the makeshift projection screen, where people were jumping around in an inflatable Bouncy Castle.”

Participants

More than three hundred authors, small presses, musicians, magazines and one magician participated in the event.

Participants included:

Presses

Perro VerlagPerro Verlag was founded by Florentine Perro in 2004 with the intention of publishing high-quality artists zines and comics by local, national and international artists. We have published four titles so far and our next project is the catalogue for The Infinity Project, the exhibition by 100 artists at the Helen Pitt Gallery in Vancouver. Our current titles are The Famous Cartoon Wars at Lucky’s Comics, Bunny Stookles in the Karaoke Mines, Owen Plummer Remixed, and Discours de la Poesie Epique. See our add for full details.

Les Figues PressLes Figues Press was founded by a group of artists, writers, and concerned citizens who share an aesthetic philosophy of passion plus rigor to the infinite degree. The Press believes artists have a moral obligation to create artefacts that are beautiful, meaningful, fiercely accountable to…(and so on)

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v?d?e

Battles and operationsof the Vietnam War

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Air operationsFarm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Carolina Moon Wahiawa Bolo Popeye Niagara Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Baby Lift Eagle Pull Frequent Wind

Operation Babylift was the name given to the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other countries (including, for example, Australia, France, and Canada) at the end of the Vietnam War (see also the Fall of Saigon), during April 1975. By the final American flight out of South Vietnam, over 3,300 infants and children had been evacuated although the actual number has been variously reported. Along with Operation New Life, over 110,000 refugees were evacuated from South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of children were airlifted from Vietnam and adopted by families around the world.

Contents

1 Overview

2 Plane crash

3 See also

4 References

5 Further reading

6 Media references

7 See also

8 External links

//


Overview

The end of the Vietnam War precipitated increased adoptions of Vietnamese children by American families. In April 1975, two years after the Americans signed a cease-fire accord with Vietnam, North Vietnamese troops spread through the South. The war’s end caused hundreds of thousands of citizens to flee the country, fearing for their lives.

With the central Vietnamese city of Da Nang having fallen in March, and with Saigon under attack and being shelled, on April 3, 1975, U.S. President Gerald Ford announced that the U.S. government would begin evacuating orphans from Saigon on a series of thirty planned flights aboard C-5A Galaxy cargo aircraft.

Service organizations including Holt, Friends of Children of Viet Nam (FCVN), Friends For All Children (FFAC), Catholic Relief Service, International Social Services, International Orphans and the Pearl S. Buck Foundation petitioned the government to help evacuate the various orphans in their facilities in Vietnam. In their book, Silence Broken, Childhelp (International Orphans at the time) founders Sara O’Meara and Yvonne Fedderson chronicle their request from Lieutenant General Lewis William Walt to help with evacuations and finding homes for the Asian-American orphans.

Flights continued until artillery attacks by North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military units on Tan Son Nhut Airport rendered airplane flights impossible.

The Babylift was controversial, because not all children on the flights were bona fide orphans, although many were earmarked for adoption and just waiting for paperwork to come through before babylift began. Documentation was often sketchy or inaccurate. In a few cases, birth parents or other relatives who later immigrated to the United States from Vietnam requested custody of children already placed. The hasty evacuation in the final days of the war also led to debate over whether the rescue operations were in the best interest of the children.

Plane crash

C-5 Galaxy 68-0218 was the initial mission of Operation Babylift to bring Vietnamese orphans to the US in the few remaining days before the Republic of Vietnam fell. The C-5 departed Saigon-Tan Son Nhut Airport at 16:03….(and so on)

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Wairarapa Connection

DC 4605 at Carterton Railway Station with the Wairarapa Connection

Info

Service Type

Commuter rail

Status

Operating

Locale

Wellington Region, New Zealand

First service

1964

Current operator(s)

Tranz Metro, a division of KiwiRail

Former operator(s)

New Zealand Railways Department (1964 – 1981)New Zealand Railways Corporation (1981 – 1985)CityRail (1985 – 1995)

Route

Start

Wellington

No. of intermediate stops

10

End

Masterton

Distance travelled

91km (57mi)

Average journey time

1 hour, 40 minutes

Service frequency

Five daily each way (Mon – Thu)Six daily each way (Fri)Twice daily each way (Sat, Sun, Public Holidays)

On-board services

Classes

Standard class only

Disabled access

Yes (dining carriage only)

Seating arragements

Airline style and table bay

Catering facilities

On-board vending machines

Observation facilities

Large windows in all carriages

Baggage facilities

Overhead racksBaggage carriage

Technical

Rolling Stock

DC or DX class locomotivesEighteen SW/SWS/SWG class carriages (ex-British Rail Mark 2)

Gauge

1,067mm (3ft6in)

Route map

|-| colspan=”2″ |

Legend



90.96

Masterton

89.40

Renall Street

88.09

Solway (Kurupuni, Purakau)

76.60

Carterton

69.61

Matarawa

65.12

Woodside (Woodside Junction)

57.15

Featherston

8.798 km

Rimutaka Tunnel

38.75

Maymorn (Mangaroa)

572 m

Maoribank Tunnel

32.40

Upper Hutt

15.50

Waterloo Interchange (Hutt Central)

10.50

Petone

0.0

Wellington

The Wairarapa Connection is an interurban railway passenger commuter service in New Zealand, between Masterton in the Wairarapa and Wellington on the Wairarapa Line. It is run by Wellington suburban operator Tranz Metro and thus is not considered to be a long-distance passenger service, unlike Tranz Scenic’s similar Capital Connection between Wellington and Palmerston North.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Refurbishment

1.2 Additional rolling stock

1.3 Refurbishment, rebranding and new liveries

1.4 Withdrawal of old stock

1.5 Replacement rolling stock

2 Motive power

3 Services

4 See also

5 External links

//


History

Comprising of diesel-hauled carriage trains since 1964; previously, Wairarapa class railcars, 88 seater railcars, the Wairarapa Mail, and steam-hauled mixed trains were used on this route.

In 1964 six NZR 56-foot carriages from the South Island were transferred north and fitted with Webasto kerosene-burning heaters for the service. They seated 336 on two-person bench-type Scarrett seats: class A passenger-only cars seated 56 and AL car-vans (with luggage compartment) seated 47.

In 1976 three more As and an AL were added. They were later joined by another A and AL. These six cars were also 56-foot ex-second class cars and were thoroughly overhauled. They were fitted with fluorescent strip lighting similar to Northerner and Endeavour cars, and painted in a new, brighter shade of red, with white roofs as opposed to the standard silver oxide.

One AL was thoroughly refurbished with 46 seats to a design created by Addington Workshops staff for use on the Picton Express and West Coast Express, and was put on the service between Napier and Gisborne that connected with the Endeavour. The second AL followed, although it did not join the Gisborne expresses. In 1985, the third AL became part of a promotional New Zealand Police train, then a non-revenue vehicle and finally, in 1993, an air-conditioned 49-seat car for the North Island Main Trunk Northerner and Overlander. The last three cars, each with only one toilet and Scarrett seats for 59, joined the Gisborne-Napier service, but returned to the Masterton route following the redeployment of rolling stock in the wake of a Silver Fern railcar derailment in 1981 and the decision to run the Endeavour as a through service between Wellington and Gisborne, once daily each way simultaneously, in 1984.

Of the second six cars, the first AL also joined the Picton and Greymouth runs in 1982-83. In 1991 one car was thoroughly overhauled and refurbished with 50 Addington-built seats arranged in bays of four, alcove-style (like the cars on the re-introduced Southerner of 1988, but with sheepskin wool seat covers) for the reinstated and revitalised Palmerston North Capital Connection long-distance commuter train. In 1992, one car was rebuilt into a 32-seat servery car, similar to the Southerner servery cars, including alcove seating but with seats of a much more recent design. The other three cars remained…(and so on)

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Instruments used in Anesthesiology are as follows:

It has been suggested that Anaesthetic equipment be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

…for details see Anaesthetic equipment, Anaesthetic machine

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Contents

1 Instrument list

2 Image gallery

3 References

4 Navigation Box

//


Instrument list

Instrument

Uses

Continuous-flow anaesthetic machine

used to provide an measured and continuous supply of gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide, etc), mixed with an required concentration of anaesthetic vapour to the patient at a required pressure and rate; vide link

Variable performance devices & Fixed performance devices

used to deliver oxygen in different ways; vide How do I administer Oxygen?

Anaesthetic vaporizers

vaporises the anaesthetic

Oxygen mask

delivering gases up to the nostrils to assist in oxygen intake or to administer aerosolized or gaseous drugs

Nasal oxygen set

-do-

Guedel airways

hard part of the airway maintenance that connects the mouth part to the pharyngeal part

Suction catheter

Suction catheters used to remove secretions from the mouth, oropharynx, trachea and bronchii

Water & sand weight bag

Artificial resuscitator (Bag valve mask)

manual ventilation

Bain circuit

respiratory maintenance circuit

Laryngoscope

used to view larynx including the vocal cords, the glottis, etc

Endotracheal tube

a tube introduced into the patient’s trachea to maintain a patient to ensure that air reaches the lungs for respiration

Laryngeal mask airway (LMA)

a less painful but less useful alternative to an endotracheal tube

Tracheostomy tube

it is a metal or plastic tube used to keep an artificial opening in front of the neck into the trachea open to act as an alternative pathway for respiration; vide tracheostomy

Endoscopes

to look inside the oesophagus, stomach, upper intestines, bile duct, larynx, trachea, bronchi-through the mouth

Eschmann stylet or Gum elastic bougie

a flexible device introduced through the mouth during some intubation procedures; if the stylet is in the trachea, while passing in, gives a sensation of bumps and then finally stops going in at a point, it indicates that it was gliding over tracheal rings and has stopped at one of the bronchi (the patient may even cough during this time); if it goes into the oesophagus, it will not bump and neither will it stop going in; used to judge where the endotracheal tube has gone in

Filters

air filters – to filter out dust particles or certain gases from the gas being given to the patient

Needles

for injections, infusions, etc.

Tuohy needle

for epidural catheter insertion

Lumbar puncture needle / Epidural anesthesia set / Spinal needle

used for puncturing into the spine (or cisterns or fontanelles of a new born) for cerebro-spinal fluid aspiration or for injection drugs, specially anesthetics in spinal blocks, epidurals, etc

Epidural catheter

used to pass drugs into the epidural space

Syringe

to inject drugs; larger ones can be used with mucus suckers

Mucus sucker

to aspirate any fluid specially mucus from the respiratory passage

Image gallery



The respirator gag valve mask

Anesthesia machine

Oxygen mask

Laryngoscope

Tracheostomy tube

Tuohy needle

Flexible Endoscope

Syringe

Epidural catheter

Spinal needles

References

^ Dorsch, Susan E.; Dorsch, Jerry A. (1999). Understanding anesthesia equipment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-30487-9.

^ Eisenkraft, James B.; Ehrenwerth, Jan (1993). Anesthesia equipment: principles and applications. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0-8016-1556-9

^ Anaesthesia Nasal Oxygen set Oxygen Catheter Mask Airways Suction Catheter

^ Eschmann Tracheal Tube – Introducer 15Ch x 60cm – SP Services (UK) Ltd

Navigation Box



v?d?eMedical instruments and implants

Diagnostics and research

Laboratory diagnosis & research Microbiology Pathology Radiology Toxicology

Sterilization

Microbiological sterilization, disinfection, quarantine & biological waste management

Fundamental clinical specializations

Dentistry General medicine General surgery

System non-specific clinical specializations

Anesthesiology Oncology Physical medicine & Rehabilitation Plastic surgery Preventive medicine

System specific clinical specialties

Cardiology Dermatology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics & Gynecology Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) Pulmonology Psychiatry Urology Vascular surgery

…(and so on)

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A Contender dinghy planing on a broad reach. Note the typical way the bow lifts up while the stern skims over the water.

Planing describes the state in which the hull of a waterborne craft is lifting up higher up to the point where it merely skims across the water, rather than moving through it. It describes a craft which is predominantly supported by hydrodynamic lift, rather than hydrostatic lift (buoyancy). This happens due to the relative motion of the passing water pushing the hull up, it rises up with dynamic lift. As the hull rises up the wetted surface becomes smaller, thus reducing hydrodynamic drag and making higher speeds achievable.

Planing should not be confused with surfing which is done on the downslope of a wave while planing happens on flat water.

While planing is a much desired effect in watercraft it is a serious concern in car safety where it is known as aquaplaning or hydroplaning.

The extent to which a boat is said to be planing is usually derived from the dimensionless Froude number.

Contents

1 History

2 How planing works

3 How to plane in a sailing boat

4 See also

5 External links

//


History

The earliest documented planing sailboat was a proa built in 1898 by Commodore Ralph Munroe; it was capable of speeds of more than twice the hull speed.

Planing a sailing dinghy was first popularised by Uffa Fox in Britain. In 1928 Uffa Fox introduced planing to the racing world in his International 14 dinghy, the Avenger. It had been designed with a hull shape which permitted planing. He gained 52 first places, two seconds and three third places out of 57 race starts that year.

Obviously this performance had an impact: other designers took on his ideas and developed them. Over the years, most dinghies have acquired some ability to plane, and there are now many high-performance dinghies (usually called skiffs, see these examples, or these in ), which will plane even in light winds, at all points of sail.

How planing works

Normally a non-planing, displacement hull is restricted in its maximum speed by a formula related to its overall length , where HSPD (in knots) is maximum hull speed, and LWL is the hull length in feet at waterline. This speed is maximised when the boat sits between the bow and stern waves, with no intervening self-caused waves along its length.

At low speeds a hydroplaning hull acts as a displacement hull. When the speed increases the hull then begins acting as a planing hull. When the boat begins to plane, the formula becomes irrelevant since the boat is climbing its own bow-wave. The bow rises slightly as it starts by mounting its own bow wave. When it reaches the speed where it overtakes the bow wave, the bow resumes its normal attitude. The boat can often be seen to leave its stern-wave some distance behind it. The hull is now planing.

Beginning to plane is the nautical equivalent to an aeroplane breaking the sound barrier. The aeroplane at Mach 1 essentially catches up to the compression waves ahead of it, which coalesce into a shock wave.

A hydroplaning hull travels faster and more efficiently than a displacement hull of comparable size due to two factors:

The wave drag is diminished. When a hull is displacing, the imbalance of high pressure at the bow and low pressure at the stern, or on the transom, produce drag. The imbalance is caused by the bow wave that stands above the ambient level of the water and stern wave that forms a hollow in the water.

Less wetted area. This reduces the skin friction on the hull caused by water.

The characteristics of a planing hull are that it is narrow at the prow, with a broader beam towards the rear. The shape of the underneath of the rear of a larger, planing, powerboat is often V shaped. To plane, the power to weight ratio must be high; sailing boats need a good sail area and powerboats need a highly powered engine.

Note that under some high wind conditions, very light craft (such as windsurfers and kitesurfers) can actually be pulled up onto the surface of the water, or into the air, by the upward lift of the sail alone. Although this certainly reduces water resistance, it is probably better described as flying, rather than hydroplaning. It is also not a sustainable state, as sailing (or kite flying) involves the extraction of energy from the shear force between the wind and the water. If the entire hull leaves the water, the craft will quickly come to rest relative to the wind, and lose its lifting/driving force.

How to plane in a sailing boat



Albacore dinghy planing

Planing can happen in a suitably designed boat in moderate to strong winds if the crew do some or all of the following:

Sail on a reach or broad reach to begin

Slacken the jib

Raise the centreboard

Increase the speed

Keep the hull level,…(and so on)

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The Japan Network Access Point (JPNAP) is an Internet Exchange Point situated in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. JPNAP was established on 2001 and operated by Internet Multifeed Co.

JPNAP is one of the largest Internet Exchanges in the world, by traffic. JPNAP provides 10GE, GbE, FE interfaces and also provides Link aggregation. The Tokyo and Osaka sites are approximately 500km apart, but they are not connected. JPNAP network is already IPv4/v6 Dual-stacked. However, they also provide IPv6-only service through their Internet Exchange Point called JPNAP6.

Technology

JPNAP has two distinguishing features: the first is “Automatically switched optical patch panel” and the other is “PeerWatcher”.

When the “automatically switched optical patch panel” finds a failure in the IX switch, it switches patch cable to the other IX switch automatically. Even if the patch panel has power problems, there’s no effect on the communication, except for the detection of IX switch status.

“PeerWatcher” shows a graph of the traffic between the two BGP routers faced on JPNAP network using sFlow.

See also

List of Internet Exchange Points by size

JPNAP web

Categories: Communications in Japan | Internet in Japan | Internet exchange points(and so on)

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Circus Peanut Close-Up



Circus Peanuts

Circus Peanuts are a peanut-shaped marshmallow candy invented in the 1800s. Although the most popular variety of mass-produced Circus Peanuts today is orange-colored with an artificial banana flavor, confectioners originally distributed an orange-flavored variety that was only available seasonally due to a lack of packaging capable of preserving the candy; in the spring, five-and-dimes sold Circus Peanuts as penny candy. In the 1940s Circus Peanuts became one of the many foods to become available year-round owing to the industrial proliferation of polyethylene packaging.

Today, mass-produced Circus Peanuts are made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin (made from pork skin), soy protein, food coloring and artificial flavor. Over the years, confectioners have also offered Circus Peanuts colored yellow, pink, and white, including a variety of flavors, though orange is still the most predominant color and banana the most common flavor, by far. The leading producers of Circus Peanuts are Melster Candies, Spangler Candy Company, and Brach’s Confections, but they produce an essentially identical product. Circus Peanuts sold in generic label bags in retail stores such as convenience stores, grocery stores, and drug stores are almost always manufactured by one of the three candy companies listed above, simply sold in a generic package. Publix stores sell generic Circus Peanuts under their own label, but they are manufactured by Farley and Sathers.

In 1963, General Mills vice president John Holahan inventively discovered that Circus Peanuts shavings yielded a tasty enhancement to his breakfast cereal. General Mills formalized the innovation and created Lucky Charms, the first breakfast cereal to contain marshmallow bits (or “marbits”).

References

^ “Product FAQs for Spangler Candy”. http://www.spanglercandy.com/spangler/newspr/techfaqs.php. Retrieved on 2008-06-18.

^ The miracle of orange Circus Peanuts October 4, 2004

Seewer, John (2006-06-27). “In candy world, circus peanut is a riddle wrapped in marshmallow inside orange shell”. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2006-07-27-circus-peanut_x.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-18.

External links

Brach’s Circus Peanuts

Spangler Candy’s Circus Peanuts – Features historical information

The Straight Dope: “Does anybody actually like Circus Peanuts?” Captures both sides of the debate.

The Capital Times: “Mystery Of Circus Peanuts” Hartel, Richard and AnnaKate Hartel. October 5, 2004.

Poll – Circus Peanuts vs. Marshmallows

This confectionery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Confectionery | Marshmallows | Farley’s & Sathers brands | Confectionery stubs(and so on)

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Star shaped safety reflector with string and safety pin.

A safety reflector is a wearable retroreflector intended for pedestrians. It is similar to reflective stripes that can be found on safety vests and clothing worn by road workers and rescue workers. They are sometimes erroneously called luminous badges or luminous tags, but this is incorrect as they do not themselves produce light, but only reflect it.

A safety reflector helps to make a pedestrian visible to vehicles on the road up to three times further away than without a reflector, since it reflects the light from the headlights of an oncoming vehicle. Safety reflectors are especially useful in rural areas where there are no street lights.

Unlike reflective stripes that are permanently fixed to clothing, the safety reflector is a stand-alone device that can be attached to any clothing as needed, often using a safety pin and some string.The reflector is claimed to be an absolutely Finnish creation, invented by a Finnish farmer from Pertteli, a small township in Western Finland. Interestingly enough, the inventor did not consider pedestrian safety when creating the first reflectors: he simply wished to protect his horse carts and carriages. Reflectors were introduced to Finns in 1960. Nowadays you can find reflectors of all possible models and colours, as design and fashion industries have turned their faces towards this diminutive gadget. Special ‘clip-on’ reflectors for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also common.

This road-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Safety equipment | Road stubs(and so on)

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